STI – Sexually Transmitted Infection
Infections that are primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse. STIs can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. They may present with a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, or may be asymptomatic. STIs can lead to significant health complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Common examples of STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and trichomoniasis.
Key Features:
- Pathogens:
- Bacterial STIs: Examples include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
- Viral STIs: Examples include HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and hepatitis B and C.
- Parasitic STIs: Examples include trichomoniasis.
- Fungal STIs: Rare, but can include candidiasis under certain conditions.
- Transmission:
- Primarily spread through sexual contact (vaginal, anal, and oral sex).
- Some STIs can also be transmitted through non-sexual means, such as blood transfusions, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
- Symptoms:
- Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific STI and may include genital sores or ulcers, unusual discharge from the penis or vagina, itching, and pain during urination or intercourse.
- Many STIs can be asymptomatic, particularly in the early stages, making regular screening important for sexually active individuals.
- Diagnosis:
- Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests.
- Laboratory tests may include blood tests, urine tests, swabs of affected areas, and culture tests to detect the presence of pathogens.
- Prevention and Treatment:
- Preventive measures include the use of condoms, regular screening, vaccination (e.g., HPV and hepatitis B vaccines), and practicing safe sex.
- Treatment varies by type of STI and may include antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral medications for viral infections, and specific treatments for parasitic infections.
- Partner notification and treatment are crucial to prevent reinfection and further transmission.
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