What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?
PCOS is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age, defined by a combination of at least two of the following three criteria (Rotterdam criteria): (1) oligo- or anovulation (irregular or absent menstrual periods), (2) hyperandrogenism (elevated levels of male hormones leading to symptoms like hirsutism, acne, or alopecia), and (3) polycystic ovaries (as seen on ultrasound), with the exclusion of other etiologies such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen-secreting tumors, or Cushing’s syndrome.
Key Features of PCOS
Oligo- or Anovulation
Irregular menstrual cycles due to infrequent or absent ovulation.
Hyperandrogenism
Elevated levels of androgens causing physical signs such as hirsutism (excessive hair growth), acne, and male-pattern baldness.
Polycystic Ovaries
Enlarged ovaries containing numerous small cysts (fluid-filled sacs) visible via ultrasound.
Insulin Resistance
Many women with PCOS have insulin resistance, leading to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Infertility
Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation.